by Stephanie Osborn
http://www.stephanie-osborn.com
HEADS UP, SPACE FANS!
Earth is currently experiencing a GEOMAGNETIC STORM! These occur when a sudden influx of plasma (a gas cloud of charged particles) enters Earth's magnetic field from outside, most often from solar activity (a coronal mass ejection aka CME, or an enhanced wind stream from a coronal hole). They can be mild, strong, or severe, depending upon how dense the plasma cloud is.
Okay, for those of you just tuning in, let's work on explaining some terms.
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We
are also sitting inside the atmosphere of the Sun, which is called the corona.
Yes, we are, even at 93 million miles distant. It generates a wind, usually
coming out from the Sun and spiraling away – yeah, the “solar wind.” Granted,
the corona isn't very dense, but it's dense enough to create some effects, and
we're working on using it to our benefit, like in solar sails and such, which
can use the solar wind as much as light pressure (different topic) to maneuver
around the Solar System like the spaceborne clipper ships of old.
But
when the Sun gets... agitated, we'll say... the solar wind can get a lot
denser. Coronal holes tend to move gradually from the poles down to lower
latitudes, and the Sun's face develops an astronomical case of acne. This
usually occurs around the time of solar maximum.
~The Weather Out There Is Frightful, Stephanie Osborn, ©2011
~~~
Now, a coronal hole is just a place in the magnetic field where the field lines stretch out to infinity, rather than looping back around, like the poles of a bar magnet. That means that the plasma can channel outward along those field lines, deep into the solar system.
This is an image of the inner corona of the Sun, taken by the Solar Dynamics Observatory on August 2, 2016, at a wavelength of 211 Angstroms. The dark regions are the coronal holes, which show up nicely at this spectral region.
If Earth happens to run into one of these "enhanced solar wind streams," as they're called, if it's strong enough, it slams into our magnetic field like a bow wave from a ship. This compressed the magnetic field on the sunward side, and stretches out the "tail" on the anti-sunward side. If the tail is stretched enough, it can snap off, and "magnetic reconnection" occurs, when the field lines reattach closer in. But magnetic reattachment itself generates a HUGE surge of energy, which is fed back into Earth along our own poles.
~~~
So
what are the effects of coronal hole winds and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)?
They can actually raise the
temperature of the outer layers of the Earth's atmosphere (the thermosphere,
aptly named) sufficient to cause it to expand. This affects us, because that
increases drag on satellites and spacecraft, and can cause the orbits of
satellites to decay and re-enter well before they were intended...
Disruption
of the Earth's magnetic field can be a problem. It can disrupt radio
communication (including cell phones) rather severely. It can damage satellites
that remain in orbit. It can generate “induced current” in any lengthy
conductor...And
it causes the aurorae. Most of you reading this have heard of the Northern
Lights, properly termed the Aurora Borealis, but there are also the Southern
Lights, the Aurora Australis. These are actually ovals that circle the magnetic
poles of Earth (and most other planets with magnetic fields, by the way.
They've been photographed on Jupiter.) They are where the charged particles
that have been caught up from the solar wind or CME into the geomagnetic field
follow the field lines down into the atmosphere. The gas molecules become
excited into a higher energy state, then discharge that extra energy as light.
This is very similar–in fact, essentially the same–as a fluorescent light bulb,
only natural and not contained. The colors are determined mostly by the main
gas that is fluorescing. Carbon dioxide produces white light; nitrogen, pink or
red; oxygen, green or blue. (It can also generate ozone.)
~The Weather Out There Is Frightful, Stephanie Osborn, ©2011
~~~
So what we've got, space fans, is a big ol' coronal hole generating an enhanced solar wind stream, and the Earth ran smack into it. Currently the planetary K-index (a rough measure of the strength of the disturbance in the planetary mag field) is oscillating between 5 and 4, and at 5, we start geomagnetic storming. It's minor, so far, but it's there. So we are under an official NOAA GEOMAGNETIC STORM ALERT for MINOR GEOMAGNETIC STORMING.
This in turn means that there will be some heating of the upper atmosphere, and it can induce some currents in conductive materials near the poles. Communications may be affected in high latitudes, and migratory animals may briefly become confused.
But what it ALSO means is that we have an AURORA ALERT for high latitudes! Now, NOAA doesn't put out aurora alerts. But I do! My followers on Facebook know that whenever conditions are right, I issue an aurora alert, and give a heads-up to the regions who can reasonably expect to see one. This is not a guarantee that you WILL, only that the probability is GOOD. Therefore --
Residents of Canada, Greenland, extreme northern Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Iceland, possibly extreme northern Scotland, Antarctica and the islands in the Antarctic oceans, Australia's state of Tasmania, the southern tip of New Zealand's south island, and the northern regions of the following USA states: Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, parts of North Dakota, and essentially all of Alaska --
Keep an eye to the skies tonight! You just might see an aurora!
~Stephanie Osborn
http://www.stephanie-osborn.com
