by
Stephanie Osborn
It
is perhaps best if I simply let the timeline of the catastrophe speak
for itself. Due to my familiarity with the subject, one of the
crewmembers, and the bird itself, perhaps my readers will forgive me
if I pull from the Wikipedia article on the matter
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_disaster]. Having read the
CAIB (Columbia Accident Investigation Board) Report in some detail, I
find it to be accurate in the essentials.
~~~
“The
following is a timeline of Columbia's re-entry. The shuttle was
scheduled to land at 9:16 a.m. EST.
2:30
a.m. EST, February 1, 2003 – The Entry Flight Control Team began
duty in the Mission Control Center.
The
Flight Control Team had not been working on any issues or problems
related to the planned de-orbit and re-entry of Columbia. In
particular, the team had indicated no concerns about the debris
impact to the left wing during ascent, and treated the re-entry like
any other. The team worked through the de-orbit preparation checklist
and re-entry checklist procedures. Weather forecasters, with the help
of pilots in the Shuttle Training Aircraft, evaluated landing-site
weather conditions at the Kennedy Space Center.
8:00 – Mission
Control Center Entry Flight Director LeRoy Cain polled the Mission
Control room for a GO/NO-GO decision for the de-orbit burn.
All
weather observations and forecasts were within guidelines set by the
flight rules, and all systems were normal.
8:10 – The Capsule
Communicator (CAPCOM) notified the crew that they were GO for
de-orbit burn.
8:15:30
(EI-1719) – Husband and McCool executed the de-orbit burn using
Columbia’s two Orbital Maneuvering System engines.
The
Orbiter was upside down and tail-first over the Indian Ocean at an
altitude of 175 miles (282 km) when the burn was executed. The
de-orbit maneuver was performed on the 255th orbit, and the 2-minute,
38-second burn slowed the Orbiter from 17,500 miles per hour (7.8
km/s) to begin her re-entry into the atmosphere. During the de-orbit
burn, the crew felt about 10% of the effects of gravity. There were
no problems during the burn, after which Husband maneuvered Columbia
into a right-side-up, forward-facing position, with the Orbiter's
nose pitched up.
8:44:09 (EI+000) – Entry Interface (EI),
arbitrarily defined as the point at which the Orbiter enters the
discernible atmosphere at 400,000 feet (120 km; 76 mi), occurred over
the Pacific Ocean.
As
Columbia descended from outer space into the atmosphere, the heat
produced by air molecules colliding with the Orbiter typically caused
wing leading-edge temperatures to rise steadily, reaching an
estimated 2,500 °F (1,370 °C) during the next six minutes. (As
former Space Shuttle Program Manager Wayne Hale stated in a press
briefing, about 90% of this heating is the result of compression of
the atmospheric gas caused by the orbiter's supersonic flight, rather
than the result of friction.)
Columbia
at approximately 8:57. Debris is visible coming from the left wing
(bottom).
8:48:39 (EI+270) – A sensor on the left wing leading edge
spar showed strains higher than those seen on previous Columbia
re-entries.
This
was recorded only on the Modular Auxiliary Data System, which is
similar in concept to a flight data recorder, and was not telemetered
to ground controllers or displayed to the crew.
8:49:32 (EI+323) –
Columbia executed a planned roll to the right. Speed: Mach 24.5.
Columbia
began a banking turn to manage lift and therefore limit the Orbiter's
rate of descent and heating.
8:50:53 (EI+404) – Columbia entered a
10-minute period of peak heating, during which the thermal stresses
were at their maximum. Speed: Mach 24.1; altitude: 243,000 feet (74
km; 46 mi).
8:52:00
(EI+471) – Columbia was approximately 300 miles (480 km) west of
the California coastline. The
wing leading-edge temperatures usually reached 2,650 °F (1,450 °C)
at this point.
8:53:26 (EI+557) – Columbia crossed the California
coast west of Sacramento. Speed: Mach 23; altitude: 231,600 feet
(70.6 km; 43.9 mi).
8:53:46 (EI+577) – Signs of debris being shed were sighted by
people out to watch the re-entry. Speed: Mach 22.8; altitude: 230,200
feet (70.2 km; 43.6 mi).
The
superheated air surrounding the Orbiter suddenly brightened, causing
a streak in the Orbiter's luminescent trail that was quite noticeable
in the pre-dawn skies over the West Coast. Observers witnessed
another four similar events during the following 23 seconds. Dialogue
on some of the amateur footage indicates the observers were aware of
the abnormality of what they were filming.
8:54:24 (EI+615) – The
Maintenance, Mechanical, and Crew Systems (MMACS) officer informed
the Flight Director that four hydraulic sensors in the left wing were
indicating "off-scale low." In Mission Control, re-entry
had been proceeding normally up to this point.
"Off-scale
low" is a reading that falls below the minimum capability of the
sensor, and it usually indicates that the sensor has failed (stopped
functioning, due to internal or external factors), rather than that
the quantity it measures is actually below the sensor's minimum
response value. The Entry Team continued to discuss the failed
indicators.
8:54:25 (EI+616) – Columbia crossed from California
into Nevada airspace. Speed: Mach 22.5; altitude: 227,400 feet (69.3
km; 43.1 mi).
Witnesses
observed a bright flash at this point and 18 similar events in the
next four minutes.
8:55:00 (EI+651) – Nearly 11 minutes after
Columbia re-entered the atmosphere, wing leading-edge temperatures
normally reached nearly 3,000 °F (1,650 °C).
8:55:32
(EI+683) – Columbia crossed from Nevada into Utah. Speed: Mach
21.8; altitude: 223,400 feet (68.1 km; 42.3 mi).
8:55:52
(EI+703) – Columbia crossed from Utah into Arizona.
8:56:30
(EI+741) – Columbia initiated a roll reversal, turning from right
to left over Arizona.
8:56:45
(EI+756) – Columbia crossed from Arizona to New Mexico. Speed: Mach
20.9; altitude: 219,000 feet (67 km; 41 mi).
8:57:24
(EI+795) – Columbia passed just north of Albuquerque.
8:58:00
(EI+831) – At this point, wing leading-edge temperatures typically
decreased to 2,880 °F (1,580 °C).
8:58:20
(EI+851) – Columbia crossed from New Mexico into Texas. Speed: Mach
19.5; altitude: 209,800 feet (63.9 km; 39.7 mi).
At
about this time, the Orbiter shed a Thermal Protection System tile,
the most westerly piece of debris that has been recovered. Searchers
found the tile in a field in Littlefield, Texas, just northwest of
Lubbock.
8:59:15 (EI+906) – MMACS informed the Flight Director that
pressure readings had been lost on both left main landing-gear tires.
The Flight Director then told the Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) to
let the crew know that Mission Control saw the messages and was
evaluating the indications, and added that the Flight Control Team
did not understand the crew's last transmission. [I
believe that it was around this point that the pressurized
landing-gear tires likely exploded from the heat. At the very least
it would have torn a huge hole in the underbelly of the wing, if not
outright sheared off a substantial portion thereof. Note that the
next several entries occur in fractions of a second. --Osborn]
8:59:32
(EI+923) – A broken response from the mission commander was
recorded: "Roger, uh, bu – [cut off in mid-word] ..." It
was the last communication from the crew and the last telemetry
signal received in Mission Control.
8:59:37
(EI+928) – Hydraulic pressure, which is required to move the flight
control surfaces, was lost at approximately
8:59:37. At that time,
the Master Alarm would have sounded for the loss of hydraulics, and
the shuttle began to lose control, beginning to roll and yaw
uncontrollably, and the crew would have become aware of the serious
problem.
9:00:18
(EI+969) – Videos and eyewitness reports by observers on the ground
in and near Dallas revealed that the Orbiter had disintegrated
overhead, continuing to break up into more and smaller pieces, and
leaving multiple contrails, as it continued eastward. In Mission
Control, while the loss of signal was a cause for concern, there was
no sign of any serious problem. Prior to orbiter breakup at 9:00:18,
the Columbia cabin pressure was nominal and the crew was capable of
conscious actions. The crew module remained mostly intact through the
breakup, though it had lost enough structural integrity that it lost
pressure, and was completely depressurized no later than 9:00:53.
9:00:57
(EI+1008) - The still intact crew module was seen breaking into small
subcomponents. It disappeared from view at 9:01:10. The crew, if not
already dead, were dead no later than this point. [I
will take issue with this statement later. -Osborn]
9:05
– Residents of north central Texas, particularly near Tyler,
reported a loud boom, a small concussion wave, smoke trails and
debris in the clear skies above the counties east of Dallas.
9:12:39
(EI+1710) – After hearing of reports of the shuttle being seen to
break apart, the NASA flight director declared a contingency (events
leading to loss of the vehicle) and alerted search and rescue teams
in the debris area. He made a call to the Ground Controller: "GC;
flight, GC; flight. Lock the doors." Two minutes later Mission
Control put contingency procedures into effect. Nobody was permitted
to enter or leave the room, and flight controllers had to preserve
all the mission data for later investigation.
~~~
The
morning of the disaster was about 3 months after my husband had had
emergency heart bypass surgery. It had been a grueling recovery for
both of us, and I clearly recall that it was the weekend (I believe
it was Saturday) and we had slept in. I got up, wandered into the
den, grabbed the remote, and hit the power. The television came on to
the last channel we'd watched – the Weather Channel – and even
they were reporting that “...Space Shuttle Columbia
is twelve minutes late exiting the re-entry comm blackout.” I knew
what that meant; I worked too long on those birds – on THAT bird –
not to. Twelve seconds...maybe. Twelve minutes, there was no doubt. I
turned and yelled down the hall, “HONEY! Get in here! We've lost a
Shuttle!”
In
retrospect, probably not the wisest thing to do to a recovering heart
patient.
But
he survived. They didn't.
It
was so very surreal for me, and still is. I worked with Columbia more
than any other shuttle in the fleet. I had a friend on board her –
I helped train Kalpana Chawla for her first mission, back in '97. I'd
kept up with her, popping into the Astronaut Office to look for her
whenever I was in Houston. We'd have a cup of coffee, sit down and
catch up, laughing and chatting. But I was doing DOD work at that
point, and had lost track of who was scheduled for which flights. It
wasn't until my husband asked me if I'd known any of the crew that I
thought to check. And I was horrified. KC had one of the widest
smiles, the most cheerful demeanors, of anyone I have known, before
or since. To think she went through that...it was, and is, hard for
me to accept.
I'd
written a book, entitled Burnout:The mystery of Space Shuttle STS-281.
It was fiction, every bit of it. It was in the hands of my writing
mentor, and later sometime co-author, Travis S. Taylor, to read and
critique. He was going to help me polish it, then help me find a
publisher. I'd researched using the information from the Challenger
disaster, but decided to make it very obviously NOT that incident;
I'd chosen a re-entry scenario instead. The disaster which now played
out before my eyes was precisely what I'd written into the book.
Travis had to talk me out of trashing it instead.
In
the end, life went on for some of us. My book, and numerous more,
have been published. In January 2012, I was invited to return to my
undergraduate alma mater, Austin Peay State University, to help
support the library and to give a talk and a book-signing. It was a
messy, cold, stormy night with torrents of rain falling when I
arrived at the location and began setting up. The Friends of the
Library were setting up around me for a reception before the talk,
when a gentleman showed up. In all honesty I cannot recall his name
because what came next was very...I'm not sure the English language
has the word for what I felt in those ensuing minutes.
Because
he told me he had been one of the 3 field coroners for the Columbia
disaster. He had come, partly to answer the questions I had about it
that I'd never been able to answer, and partly to hear my perspective
on it. He had copies of the autopsy reports which I was allowed to
flip through – though I can't recall a word on any page. And he
gave me the answer I didn't want to hear: my friend KC had been alive
through the breakup – they all had. In fact, he told me, at least
one crewman was found on the ground, body intact, death due to
multiple blunt force traumas. He didn't say so outright, but I can
interpret that – he died when he hit the ground.
A
recent presentation I made on scientific and engineering work done
since then included a summation of that chat. I was later gently
challenged on the matter of the crew's deaths. This upset me because,
unable to remember the man's name, I hadn't a way to verify his
credentials. (If you're out there, mystery man, please contact me
through this blog.) But today, as I refreshed my memory on the
details of the catastrophe, I found a newspaper report that took its
information from the final version of the CAIB report, and I quote:
“
The
Working Group found no irregularities in its extensive review of all
applicable medical records and crew health data. The Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology and the Federal Bureau of Investigation
conducted forensic analyses on the remains of the crew of Columbia
after they were recovered. It
was determined that the acceleration levels the crew module
experienced prior to its catastrophic failure were not lethal. The
death of the crew members was due to blunt trauma
and hypoxia. The exact time of death - sometime after 9:00:19 a.m.
Eastern Standard Time - cannot be determined because of the lack of
direct physical or recorded evidence.”
[http://www.spaceflightnow.com/columbia/report/030826crew/]
As
a result of all this, some colleagues and I from SIGMA, the science
fiction think tank [www.sigmaforum.org],
are in process of developing a new system called SPEARED – Single
Person Emergency Atmospheric Re-Entry Device. (This is the
“scientific and engineering work” I mentioned earlier.) We have
patents pending and hope that someday soon this new system will
prevent deaths such as those aboard Columbia, and maybe even
Challenger.
I'll
keep you posted.
-Stephanie
Osborn
For those interested in a smidge more information, may I recommend The Weather Out There Is Frightful: Solar/Space Weather and What It Means for the Earth and You, available for Kindle.
My very first novel, Burnout: The mystery of Space Shuttle STS-281, which eerily predicted the Columbia disaster (being written, though not published, before that disaster), is also on sale in ebook formats for $0.99.
